Adverse effects of AI: risks in the information age, disinformation and machine learning chatbots with explainable AI (XIA) approach: from A.L.I.C.E. to DeepSeek

René Palacios Garita

doi:10.19135/revista.consinter.00021.09

Autores

René Palacios Garita UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7658-0441

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.19135/revista.consinter.00021.09

Palavras-chave:

Inteligência Artificial Explicável, Desinformação, Riscos, Chatbots, Aprendizado de máquina

Resumo

O artigo analisa os efeitos adversos da inteligência artificial, particularmente em chatbots, com foco nos riscos de desinformação, polarização e discriminação algorítmica. A evolução dos chatbots é explorada, de sistemas baseados em regras a modelos de linguagem avançados como A.L.I.C.E.®, Replika®, ChatGPT®, Bard® e DeepSeek®. Isso envolve a hipótese de que a crescente sofisticação dos chatbots, de sistemas baseados em regras a modelos de linguagem avançados, leva a um aumento nos riscos de desinformação, polarização e discriminação algorítmica, portanto, a Inteligência Artificial Explicável (XIA) surge como uma ferramenta crucial para mitigar esses efeitos adversos, embora sua aplicação em diferentes chatbots apresente pontos fortes e fracos em termos de explicabilidade. A metodologia usada combina o uso responsável e ético da IA, impulsionado pela XIA, que é essencial para garantir que a tecnologia beneficie a sociedade. Além disso, a Inteligência Artificial Explicada (XIA) é proposta como uma solução para mitigar esses riscos por meio da explicabilidade dos sistemas de IA. Os resultados sugerem que uma relação na aplicação dos princípios XIA em diferentes chatbots é avaliada, identificando seus pontos fortes e fracos em termos de princípios de explicabilidade. O artigo conclui destacando a importância do XAI para um uso responsável e ético da IA.

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Biografia do Autor

René Palacios Garita, UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID

Lawyer (BUAP), Economist (UIA), Master of Economic Analysis of Law (UCM-IUIOG), Master in Public Administration (INAP), PhD in Political Science, Administration and International Relations (UCM) and PhD in Political and Social Sciences (SEP). Student at the UCM and graduated at the UNAM. E-mail: renepala@ucm.es, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7658-0441.

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